ABSTRACT
El problema de la anemia está muy relacionado a los índices de pobreza, falta de cuidado de la salud y educación de la población, pero principalmente a la falta de conocimientos sobre alimentación y nutrición infantil por parte de las madres. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de las sesiones demostrativas para mejorar el conocimiento en la prevención de la anemia en gestantes, madres lactantes de niños menores de 3 años. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo experimental, descriptivo y de nivel observacional, explicativo y analítico. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 200 gestantes, obteniendo una muestra de 30 gestantes y 20 madres lactantes de niños menores de 3 años, haciendo un total de 50 pacientes, se utilizó el cuestionario para la recolección de datos, aplicado en dos momentos; antes y después de las sesiones demostrativas, con la finalidad de comparar los resultados. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento teórico de las madres, luego de la aplicación de las sesiones demostrativas se incrementó su nivel a un conocimiento alto. Respecto a los conocimientos prácticos luego de la aplicación de las sesiones, se logró un conocimiento alto. Conclusiones: La técnica de sesiones demostrativas en el incremento de conocimientos es efectiva(AU)
The problem of anemia is closely related to the rates of poverty, lack of care of the health and education of the population, but mainly to the lack of knowledge about food and infant nutrition by mothers. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the demonstration sessions to improve knowledge in the prevention of anemia in pregnant women, nursing mothers of minor children 3 years old Materials and methods: The study was of type, experimental, descriptive and observational level, explanatory and analytical. The study population consisted of 200 pregnant women, obtaining a sample of 30 pregnant women and 20 lactating mothers of children under 3 years of age, making a total of 50 patients, the questionnaire was used for data collection, applied in two moments; before and after demonstration sessions, in order to compare the results. Results: The level of theoretical knowledge of the mothers, after the application of the demonstrative sessions their level to high knowledge. Regarding the practical knowledge after the application of the sessions, high knowledge was achieved. Conclusions: The technique of demonstrative sessions in the increase of knowledge is effective(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Hemoglobins , Surveys and Questionnaires , Pregnant Women , Prenatal Nutrition , Anemia/complications , Population Education , Postpartum Hemorrhage , Infant , Nutritional RequirementsABSTRACT
La investigación sobre las prácticas de enseñanza de los educadores ha puesto de relieve la importancia de las cogniciones que subyacen a las prácticas pedagógicas. El conocimiento práctico de los educadores define el conocimiento que generan los educadores mismos, como resultado de la integración y mutua influencia de fuentes teóricas y prácticas y que orienta su quehacer en el aula. Esta noción ha sido aplicada para abordar el conocimiento de los educadores sobre las diversas dimensiones que integran su trabajo profesional. El objetivo del estudio que se presenta fue examinar las dimensiones del conocimiento práctico para la enseñanza del lenguaje oral y escrito evidenciadas por estudiantes de educación inicial en práctica final, a través de la elaboración y explicación de mapas conceptuales. Participaron 26 estudiantes de ocho programas universitarios de formación profesional de Santiago (Chile). Los resultados de este estudio cualitativo descriptivo mostraron una mayor representación de tres de las seis dimensiones examinadas: conocimiento de la materia (lenguaje oral y alfabetización inicial), conocimiento de estrategias pedagógicas para su enseñanza y conocimiento de los niños a su cargo. El conocimiento del desarrollo y el aprendizaje en la infancia, de los propósitos de la enseñanza de esta materia y del currículum fueron representados en menos de la mitad de los mapas conceptuales. Se analizan estos resultados desde la perspectiva de la investigación reciente acerca de la enseñanza del lenguaje oral y la alfabetización durante los primeros años y la formación profesional de los educadores a cargo del nivel inicial.
Teachers' practical knowledge has become an increasingly relevant issue for educational research during the last decades. The concept of practical knowledge refers to the cognitions that underlie to teachers' actions, including teachers' knowledge and beliefs and attempts to grasp the knowledge and skills that are "unique to the teaching profession." Insights into the categories that constitute teachers' practical knowledge have suggested that it is a multi-dimensional concept that entails several dimensions: knowledge of student learning and development, subject matter, purposes and goals for teaching the subject, curriculum, instructional strategies (Beijaard & Verloop, 1996; Meijer, Verloop, & Beijaard, 2002). As part of their professional development, teachers need to know about language and its relevance to support general cognitive development and specific subject matter competencies. A great deal is known about how young children learn language and literacy and how their learning can be supported in the educational context. Literacy is a secondary system that depends on oral language as the primary system, so effective early childhood teachers need to know a good deal about language and literacy in order to organize learning opportunities for children during the first years of life. Early childhood teachers who have better training show better educational practices, more appropriate to children's development, are more sensitive to their needs and show more informed understanding of appropriate educational practices (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). This study aimed to examine the practical knowledge evidenced by prospective early childhood teachers in their last year of preparation to teach language and early literacy to children from 0 to 6 years. 26 prospective early childhood teachers in their final professional practice, from 8 university teacher education programs located in the city of Santiago - Chile (2-4 students from each program). Data were collected through the elicitation and verbal explanation of concept maps (Novak, 2008; Cañas, et al., 1997; Rovira, 2003) a procedure used in previous studies in which teachers identify and relate concepts considered important for teaching, organizing them into a schema (Meijer, Verloop, & Beijaard, 2002). A descriptive qualitative design based on the Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 2002) was conducted. Results evidenced the majority of conceptual maps included three of the six dimensions examined: knowledge of subject matter (oral language and initial literacy), knowledge of pedagogical strategies to teach this subject matter and knowledge of children. Phonology and phonological awareness were identified as the most relevant learning goals in the early years and activities like phonological segmentation as appropriate practices to reach them. Vocabulary was also identified as a relevant goal and different kind of texts, particularly children stories as important pedagogical resources. Knowledge of subject matter and pedagogical strategies to teach language of literacy was supported by recent research base, even tough, schemas and explanations did not evidenced the complex integration of language and literacy learning, oral language and literacy were presented as different skills, that had to be taught at different ages and using specific pedagogical strategies. Knowledge of children and their context was also considered in most of the conceptual maps, but there was no evidence of a systematic assessment of children strengths and difficulties, in order to organize the learning opportunities. This research expands international evidence on teachers' practical knowledge, focusing on prospective early childhood teacher education, which has not been examined before. According to these preliminary results, the early childhood teacher education programs, recognized by a panel of experts as the best of the country, are not preparing their students to address children needs. More research is needed in order to obtain a more complete picture of early childhood teacher education to teach language and literacy.
ABSTRACT
El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como tema nuclear la experiencia de enseñanza de docentes de la Educación Escolar Básica con niños entre seis y doce años que presentan características del trastorno por déficit de atención por hiperactividad. En cuanto a la metodología empleada, se realizaron entrevistas semi abiertas a docentes de una escuela pública subvencionada y una escuela privada. Los objetivos apuntaron a explorar el conocimiento teórico-práctico que tienen los entrevistados acerca del cuadro, qué medidas toman en situación áulica, y qué actitud manifiestan verbalmente con respecto a factibles modificaciones en las condiciones de enseñanza, además de revelar posibles diferencias de respuestas de acuerdo al tipo de escuela. Los datos recogidos durante las entrevistas fueron sometidos a un análisis cualitativo de interpretación hermenéutica, y se dio por cumplidos los primeros tres objetivos, mientras que el cumplimiento del cuarto - las diferencias de respuestas según escuela - no se consideró concluyente.
The following investigation covers the teaching experience of educators in Basic Education (grades 1-9) teaching children between the ages of six and twelve who present characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. As for methodology, semistructured interviews were conducted with teachers of a public subsidized school and a private school. The study objectives aimed to explore the theoretical and practical knowledge of the interviewed educators about this syndrome, the measures they take in classroom situations, and the attitudes they reveal concerning feasible modifications in the teaching conditions, as well as revealing possible differences in the answers based on the type of school. The data collected through these interviews were subjected to qualitative analysis and hermeneutic interpretation. The first three goals of the research study were considered achieved, meanwhile the accomplishment of the fourth goal - the different answers based on the kind of school - was not considered conclusive.
ABSTRACT
Background: Beer is produced to meet people\u2019s demands. Sanitation, old technology, poor knowledge on hygiene and safety of workers is still limited. Objectives: This study aims to learn the real situation and solution to improve the practical knowledge on food hygiene and the safety of workers at beer-producing enterprises in Ha Noi. Subjects and method: The descriptive, cross-sectional study on wokers at beer-producing enterprises in Ha Noi.The data were collected from designed questionaires and analysed by Epi.infor 6.04 software. Results: The general knowledge rate on hygiene food safety of workers is 42.5%; In there, the knowledge rate on environmental hygiene of workers is 45.6%; the knowledge rate on work instrument hygiene of workers is 46.4%; the knowledge rate on personal hygiene of workers is 37.7%; the knowledge rate on food hygiene of workers is 50.9%; the knowledge rate on food poisoning of workers is 76.3%; Conclusion: There is a relationship between the practical knowledge on hygiene food safety, age and work duration.
ABSTRACT
O artigo apresenta uma intervenção ergonômica realizada em uma cooperativa de produção de artefatos de couro e de material sintético, principalmente calçados e bolsas. Focaliza-se o processo de transmissão do conhecimento prático acumulado por um associado do grupo aos demais integrantes, todos novatos no ofício. Na conclusão, fornecemos elementos para reflexões acerca dos aspectos particulares às intervenções em empreendimentos solidários, quando comparadas às ações ergonômicas desenvolvidas junto a empresas convencionais, e os obstáculos encontrados para se viabilizar a autogestão.
In this paper, we present an ergonomic action in a cooperative of products of leather and synthetics material, specially shoes and sacs. We focus on the process of tacit knowledge transmission between an associate expert and the others associates, all of them novices in this work. In conclusion, we present the basis to compare ergonomic action in cooperative organizations and ergonomic action in traditional enterprises, and point out the obstacles to promote effective cooperative organizations.